Four hours into the protest against a conservative pundit's appearance at the University of California (UC) Berkeley in the United States, 
violence escalated when police began pushing protesters down Telegraph Avenue. 
Protesters and supporters of Ben Shapiro began gathering at 4pm (23:00 GMT) on Bancroft Way on Thursday, many having travelled hours by car or plane. 
While many of them seemed excited to see Shapiro or to speak against him, an equal number simply wanted to experience the type of action they would read about in the news. 
"I'm excited to see Antifa in action," Justin Jackson, a 19-year-old student at Chico State University who had driven three hours to the event, told Al Jazeera. 
"Antifa and Shapiro in the same day is exciting," said his friend Liam Thomson, referring to a broad group of autonomous anti-fascist activist people in the US, using the term Antifa.
But by the end of the night, Antifa had not appeared. 
READ MORE: No, Antifa is not the moral equivalent of neo-Nazis
Well over a hundred police from all over the state spread over the two blocks. In the hours leading up to Shapiro's speech, they arrested two protesters. 
Twenty-year-old Hannah Benjamin spat on a police officer and was arrested on charges of felonious assault.
Sarah Roark, 44, was also arrested for holding a sign that police considered a banned weapon because it was too large.